相比無人駕駛乘用車，特殊區(qū)域內(nèi)，比如港口、礦區(qū)、高速公路等環(huán)境下，無人駕駛卡車可能會(huì)更早完成商業(yè)應(yīng)用，進(jìn)入主流市場原因很簡單，這些特定區(qū)域內(nèi)，卡車需要面對(duì)的駕駛環(huán)境和法規(guī)相對(duì)簡單，對(duì)無人駕駛技術(shù)的要求相對(duì)更低

Compared with driverless passenger cars, driverless trucks may complete commercial applications earlier in special areas, such as ports, mining areas, highways and other environments. The reason for entering the mainstream market is simple. In these specific areas, trucks need to face relatively simple driving environment and regulations, and the requirements for driverless technology are relatively lower

更重要的一點(diǎn)是，這些特定區(qū)域內(nèi)卡車司機(jī)的用工成本極高，這給了科技公司準(zhǔn)備用技術(shù)代替他們的動(dòng)力1月23日，在廣東珠海國際貨柜碼頭，上海人工智能科創(chuàng)企業(yè)西井科技有限公司發(fā)布了全球第一輛港區(qū)作業(yè)無人集裝箱卡車

More importantly, the extremely high labor costs of truck drivers in these specific regions have given technology companies the impetus to prepare to replace them with technology. On January 23, at Zhuhai international container terminal in Guangdong Province, Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Science and technology innovation enterprise Xijing Technology Co., Ltd. released the world's first unmanned container truck for port operation

這輛配備了2個(gè)激光雷達(dá)、1個(gè)毫米波雷達(dá)，1個(gè)攝像頭，集成自動(dòng)駕駛算法的卡車，采用多傳感器融合技術(shù)，可以辨識(shí)環(huán)境障礙物和碼頭標(biāo)記標(biāo)線同時(shí)通過人工智能芯片和智能決策算法，這輛無人集卡可以自主做出減速、剎車或繞行等突發(fā)狀況的各種決策，提供最優(yōu)運(yùn)行路線，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)滿足港口封閉區(qū)域內(nèi)水平運(yùn)輸?shù)男枨?/p>

This truck is equipped with two laser radars, one millimeter wave radar, one camera and integrated automatic driving algorithm. Using multi-sensor fusion technology, it can identify environmental obstacles and dock markings. At the same time, through artificial intelligence chips and intelligent decision-making algorithms, this unmanned truck can make various decisions on sudden situations such as deceleration, braking or detour, and provide the optimal operation route, So as to meet the needs of horizontal transportation in the closed area of the port

據(jù)西井科技介紹，這輛港區(qū)無人集卡已經(jīng)能夠識(shí)別周圍的集裝箱物體、機(jī)械設(shè)備、燈塔等，精準(zhǔn)駛?cè)臊堥T吊作業(yè)指定位置“這輛無人集卡是在珠海港的第一輛，我們未來的計(jì)劃是能幫助珠海港形成無人集卡編隊(duì)，形成車隊(duì)后，可以提高整個(gè)碼頭的作業(yè)能力和效率

According to Xijing technology, this Unmanned Container truck in the port area has been able to identify the surrounding container objects, mechanical equipment, lighthouses, etc., and accurately drive into the designated location for gantry crane operation. "This Unmanned Container truck is the first one in Zhuhai port. Our future plan is to help Zhuhai port form an Unmanned Container Truck formation, which can improve the operation capacity and efficiency of the whole terminal after the formation of the fleet

”西井科技CEO譚黎敏告訴澎湃新聞西井科技成立于2015年5月，是一家從事底層人工智能研究的科技公司，除了這次發(fā)布的無人集卡外，公司此前還攜手振華重工發(fā)布了全球首臺(tái)自主駕駛無人駕駛跨運(yùn)車用工成本極高的卡車司機(jī)會(huì)被替代嗎在港口繁忙的日常作業(yè)過程中，通常需要依靠卡車司機(jī)，“三班倒”地駕駛集裝箱拖車穿梭在堆場、龍門吊作業(yè)區(qū)以及船吊區(qū)，迅速且高效地將集裝箱進(jìn)行裝船和堆砌

”Tan Limin, CEO of Xijing technology, told surging news that Xijing technology, founded in May 2015, is a technology company engaged in low-level artificial intelligence research. In addition to the unmanned truck truck released this time, the company also worked with Zhenhua heavy industry to release the world's first self driving driverless straddle truck. Will the truck drivers with extremely high labor costs be replaced? In the busy daily operation process of the port, they usually need to rely on truck drivers, "Three shifts" drive the container trailer to shuttle around the storage yard, gantry crane operation area and ship crane area, and load and stack the containers quickly and efficiently

以一個(gè)集裝箱吞吐量200萬標(biāo)準(zhǔn)集裝箱的中等碼頭為例，正常運(yùn)營需要約200輛場內(nèi)運(yùn)輸集卡以該碼頭每車配4名司機(jī)“三班倒”計(jì)算，每名司機(jī)的年薪約在6到12萬元人民幣另外需要注意的是，在碼頭駕駛集卡拖車需要A2駕照

Taking a medium-sized wharf with a container throughput of 2million standard containers as an example, about 200 on-site transport trucks are required for normal operation. Based on the "three shifts" of four drivers per vehicle at the wharf, the annual salary of each driver is about 60000 to 120000 yuan. In addition, it should be noted that driving a truck trailer at the yard head requires an A2 driver's license

但按照國內(nèi)的交通法規(guī)，A2不能直接申領(lǐng)，一名司機(jī)想要從C1增駕到A2，至少需要五六年的時(shí)間，如果期間發(fā)生扣分或者事故，增駕的時(shí)間將更長這樣一來，招到一名優(yōu)秀、有豐富駕駛經(jīng)驗(yàn)的卡車司機(jī)，無論是對(duì)于港口方，還是物流管理車隊(duì)來說，相當(dāng)不容易

However, according to domestic traffic regulations, A2 cannot apply directly. It takes at least fiveorsix years for a driver to increase driving from C1 to A2. If points are deducted or an accident occurs during this period, the driving time will be longer. In this way, it is not easy to recruit an excellent and experienced truck driver, whether for the port or the logistics management team

“這其實(shí)是一個(gè)非常簡單明了的數(shù)學(xué)題，對(duì)于港口來說，使用無人集卡來代替卡車司機(jī)，在成本上至少能省到30%而相比人工，無人集卡還能24小時(shí)毫無倦意地進(jìn)行工作，對(duì)于效率的提升非常明顯”上海振華重工上海港口機(jī)械工程技術(shù)研究中心副主任胡中望告訴澎湃新聞

"This is actually a very simple and clear mathematical problem. For the port, using an unmanned truck to replace the truck driver can save at least 30% in cost. Compared with labor, the unmanned truck can work tirelessly for 24 hours, which is very obvious for the improvement of efficiency," Hu Zhongwang, deputy director of Shanghai Port Mechanical Engineering Technology Research Center of Shanghai Zhenhua heavy industry, told surging news

除了用工成本外，無人駕駛卡車在技術(shù)上也更有優(yōu)勢(shì)“機(jī)器已經(jīng)能快速做出一大堆決策，大幅降低交通事故的死亡人數(shù)，提高路網(wǎng)效率，并削減導(dǎo)致地球變暖的碳排放”美國前總統(tǒng)奧巴馬曾在接受《連線》雜志采訪時(shí)如此評(píng)價(jià)自動(dòng)駕駛技術(shù)

In addition to labor costs, driverless trucks also have more advantages in technology. "Machines have been able to make a lot of decisions quickly, significantly reduce the number of deaths in traffic accidents, improve the efficiency of road networks, and reduce carbon emissions that lead to global warming." former U.S. President Barack Obama once commented on autonomous driving technology in an interview with wired magazine

高盛在2017年的一份報(bào)告中預(yù)測，在未來的25年里，自動(dòng)駕駛卡車每年將扼殺大約30萬個(gè)就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)如果自動(dòng)駕駛卡車運(yùn)輸能夠得到政府批準(zhǔn)和實(shí)現(xiàn)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，并且被卡車運(yùn)輸公司廣泛采用，那么這個(gè)趨勢(shì)的發(fā)展速度會(huì)比預(yù)期的更快

In a 2017 report, Goldman Sachs predicted that in the next 25 years, self driving trucks will kill about 300000 jobs every year. If self driving truck transportation can be approved by the government and achieve technological innovation, and is widely adopted by truck transportation companies, this trend will develop faster than expected

封閉環(huán)境下的無人駕駛技術(shù)2017年，《麻省理工科技評(píng)論》雜志依照慣例發(fā)布了全球十大突破性技術(shù)榜單，自動(dòng)駕駛貨車出現(xiàn)在其中這份雜志認(rèn)為自動(dòng)駕駛貨車的技術(shù)成熟期僅需5到10年業(yè)界普遍認(rèn)為，自動(dòng)駕駛卡車的應(yīng)用落地會(huì)早于無人乘用車，原因很簡單，卡車大多都行駛在高速公路等限制環(huán)境下，與自動(dòng)駕駛汽車相比，其所面臨的路況相對(duì)簡單

Driverless technology in a closed environment in 2017, MIT technology review published a list of the world's top ten breakthrough technologies in accordance with the Convention. The magazine believes that the technology maturity of driverless trucks only takes 5 to 10 years. The industry generally believes that the application of driverless trucks will land earlier than driverless passenger cars. The reason is very simple. Most trucks are driven in restricted environments such as highways, Compared with autonomous vehicle, the road conditions it faces are relatively simple

就以這次港口無人集卡為例，據(jù)了解，按照國內(nèi)港口貨車駕駛規(guī)則，貨車在港區(qū)內(nèi)的行駛速度在10-30公里/小時(shí)之間在這種速度下，無人駕駛的精準(zhǔn)度和安全性得到了保重其次，港口的交通情況更加簡單，無人集卡需要識(shí)別的圖標(biāo)和障礙物更少，更容易處理擁擠和撞車風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

Taking this port unattended truck as an example, it is understood that according to the domestic port truck driving rules, the driving speed of trucks in the port area is between 10-30 km / h. at this speed, the accuracy and safety of unmanned driving have been taken care of. Secondly, the traffic situation in the port is simpler, and the unmanned truck needs to identify fewer icons and obstacles, which makes it easier to deal with congestion and collision risks

另一個(gè)原因是，無人貨運(yùn)卡車可以組成車隊(duì)，進(jìn)一步提高自動(dòng)駕駛卡車的使用效率，能夠幫助物流企業(yè)減少燃料排放、節(jié)省資金在美國，卡車運(yùn)輸行業(yè)是美國經(jīng)濟(jì)的重要組成部分，因此情況更加緊迫CBInsight2017年的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，美國企業(yè)將在商用卡車自動(dòng)駕駛系統(tǒng)上投入約10億美元的資金，是3年前支出水平的10倍

Another reason is that unmanned freight trucks can form a fleet, further improve the efficiency of self driving trucks, and help logistics enterprises reduce fuel emissions and save money. In the United States, the truck transportation industry is an important part of the U.S. economy, so the situation is more urgent. Cbinsight 2017 data show that American Enterprises will invest about $1billion in the commercial truck auto drive system, 10 times the expenditure level three years ago

特斯拉CEO馬斯克于去年11月份發(fā)布了首款自動(dòng)無人駕駛汽車SEMI優(yōu)步的布局則更早，2016年就買下了以色列自動(dòng)駕駛貨車初創(chuàng)公司Otto，并完成了首個(gè)商業(yè)訂單傳統(tǒng)車企沃爾沃、戴姆勒等也發(fā)布了自己的無人駕駛貨車，尤其是沃爾沃還推出了礦區(qū)、垃圾車無人車等

Tesla CEO musk released the first self driving car semi Uber in November last year, but the layout was earlier. In 2016, he bought Otto, an Israeli self driving truck start-up company, and completed the first commercial order. Traditional car companies Volvo and Daimler also released their own self driving trucks, especially Volvo also launched mining areas, garbage trucks, and unmanned cars